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百度 ”杨振宁的确没有和钱学森一起在中国最危险的时候回国，但这并非是他的本意。

???????????? ????? (??????? ?-????? (e-commerce ?? e-comm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

???????????? ????? ??????? ?-??????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ? ??? ?????? ? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ?

?-????? ??????? ????????? ???????:

?-????? ???? ??????? ???????? "??????? ???????????" ?????? ?????????, ???????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????????
????????????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????
???????????? ???? ?????????? (EDI), ??????-??-?????? ???? ??????
?-??? ? ????? ? ???????????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? (???: ????????)
??????-??-?????? ????????
?????? ????-?????? (???????????)

??????

??? ?-?????? ?????? ???????? ?

????: ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????^[?]
????: ??????? ???? ?????? ????? B2B ?????? ????????^{[???? ?????]}
????: ???????, ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?
????: ????????? SIS/????? ????? B2C ?????? ???????? ??????? ? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ??????^[?]
????: ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ? ????????? ?????????? ??? ????? ??????? ? ??? ????? ???????????? ???? ???? ?^[?]
????: ????? ??.??. ?????????????? ??? ??????????? ??? ? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?^{[???? ?????]}
????: ??? ?????????-?? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ??? RoboBOARD/FX?? ????? ??? ???????, ??????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ?
????: ???? ???????? ????? ?????????? ?????????, ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?
????: ???????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ? ???? ?? ???? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ? ???????? ??? ?????? ? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ? ???????????? ????? ??? ??? ? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????? ? ???????? ?.? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?

↑ Tkacz, Ewaryst; Kapczynski, Adrian (2009). Internet - Technical Development and Applications. Springer. p. 255. ISBN 978-3-642-05018-3. Retrieved 2025-08-06. The first pilot system was installing in Tesco in the UK (first demonstrated in 1979 by Michael Aldrich).
↑ Aldrich, Michael. "Finding Mrs Snowball". Archived from the original on 7 December 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
↑ "Online Today, The Electronic Mall". CIS/CompuServe nostalgia. Archived from the original on 2025-08-06. Retrieved 2025-08-06.